Part One

    The Gramnmar

  1. Dallas
  2. from Dallas
  3. after five P.M.
  4. arriving in Washington
  5. early flights
  6. all redeye flights
  7. on Thursday
  8. a one-way fare
  9. any delays in Denver

    12.1

    1. NP → CD Noun
    2. Nominal → Adj Nominal
    3. Noun → p.m.
    4. Noun → redeye
    5. CD → five

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    12.2
    1. S → NP VP
    2. S → Aux NP NP
    3. S → VP
    4. NP → Pronoun
    5. NP → Proper-Noun
    6. NP → Det Nominal
    7. Nominal → Noun
    8. Nominal → Nominal Noun
    9. Nominal → Nominal PP
    10. VP → Verb
    11. VP → Verb NP
    12. VP → Verb NP PP
    13. VP → Verb PP
    14. VP → VP PP
    15. PP → P NP

    1. NP → CD Noun
    2. Nominal → Adj Nominal
    3. Noun → p.m.
    4. Noun → redeye
    5. CD → five
    6. NP → NP Conj NP
    7. VP → TO VP
    8. Conj → and
    9. TO → to

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

Part 2

The two examples have structures differing as follows: (a steak with a side of fries and a flight to the capital from Boston) the same way.

One new rule needed to be added (S → NP Aux VP). The two structures use exactly the same rules and almost exactly the same parts of speech ("Boston" is a PN; "fries" a Noun). The difference lies in whether the final PP attached to the noun closest to it or to the noun further away.

    N2 P2 N3 (letter to governor) is an NP

    N2 P2 N3 (wife on desk) is NOT an NP

    N2 P2 N3 (obligation to family) is an NP

    N2 P2 N3 (demonstrator from premises) is NOT an NP

    New rules:

    1. S → NP (Aux) VP
    2. S → NP Aux NP
    3. S → Aux NP NP
    4. NP → NP Conj NP
    5. NP → ProperName CD
    6. Nominal → ProperName Noun
    7. VP → TO VP
    8. Pronoun → that