1. (immediately) dominates
2. (immediately) precedes
3. C-Commands

Observation 1 about dominance and precedence: For any two nodes in the same tree, either one precedes the other or one dominates the other.

Observation 2 about dominance and precedence: Dominance and precedence are mutually exclusive.

Observation about immediate dominance: a node can have only one mother.

Fred believes John to be a fool.

Exhaustively dominates: Holds between a node M and the set D of all nodes that M immediately dominates. Thus, there must be nothing that M immediately dominates that is not in D. Answer 1.17 on. p. 70: V, NP₂ and PP.

Definition: Node A C-commands Node B if every branching node dominating A also dominates B, and neither A nor B dominate the other.

Note that C-Command and domination are mutually exclusive, just as C-Command and precedence are.

Question: For any two nodes in the same tree, is it the case that one must either dominate or C-command the other other? If not, give an example of two nodes in the same tree such that neither C-commands the other and neither dominates the other.

Question: Can two nodes C-command each other? Examples?

bright blue train

Compare: a bright blue star in Cygnus

(2g) Louis hinted Mary stole the purse deftly.

Answer to (2a):

1. NP₁ C-commands:
   VP, V, NP₃, N₃, PP₂, P, NP₄, N₄, N₅,
2. NP₁ asymmetrically C-commands:
   V, NP₃, N₃, PP₂, P, NP₄, N₄, N₅,
3. NP₁ dominates
   D, N₁, PP₁, P₁ NP₂, N₂
4. NP₁ immediately dominates
   D, N₁, PP₁,
5. NP₁ precedes
   VP, V, NP₃, N₃, PP₂, P, NP₄, N₄, N₅,
   This is the same set of nodes as those it C-Commands. Just a coincidence of this case?

Three possible answers (at least).

1. The main verb must precede the expression and be negated.
2. A negative element must precede the expression
3. A negative element must C-command the expression.

Further data: lift a finger:

1. He didnt lift a finger to help.
2. * He lifted a finger to help.
3. He rarely lifted a finger to help.
4. He seldom lifted a finger to help.
5. ? A finger wasnt lifted to help. [on idiomatic reading]
6. Not a finger was lifted to help.
7. * I think that he lifted a finger to help.
8. I dont think that he lifted a finger to help.
9. * The man who didnt have any money lifted a finger to help.

The plucky platypus kicked a can of soup from Tucson to New York.

... while traveling from N.Y. to T.

... the can was from N.Y.

... the soup was from N.Y.